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Dividers and Thévenin
Reduce a resistive network to one port: divider, VTh, RTh and the Norton swap.
Key formulas
- Voltage divider
Shows Vo vs R2 on the unloaded voltage divider: Vo is the fraction R2/(R1+R2) of Vi.
- Loaded voltage divider
Load RL in parallel with R2 lowers Vo versus the unloaded divider.
- Thévenin voltage
VTh is the open-circuit voltage of the Thévenin equivalent that replaces the network.
- Thévenin resistance
RTh is the resistance seen at the terminals with independent sources killed.
- Thévenin–Norton equivalence
The equivalents satisfy VTh = IN RN and swap without changing Vo on RL.